Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
Article Title: Glutamate enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-11, as well as chemokines CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 in keloid fibroblasts
doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1720876
Figure Lengend Snippet: Glutamate metabolic and glutamate receptor (GRIN2D) is increased in keloids and fibroblasts. (A) FPKM values of glutamate receptor genes (GRIN2D, GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIK1, GRIK2, GRIK5, GRIN1, GRIM1, GRIMX, GRIN1B) in keloid compared to normal skin controls. (B) Dot plot of single-cell RNA-seq data depicting the distribution of GRIN2D and related glutamate receptor genes across major skin cell populations. (C) Expression levels of GRIN2D across different cell types in CTRL and KD skin, showing preferential upregulation in fibroblasts from KD lesions. (D) Representative immunohistochemical staining for GRIN2D in CTRL and KD tissues, demonstrating stronger GRIN2D signal in keloid dermis. (E) Immunofluorescence of α-SMA and GRIN2D in keloid and normal skin tissues. (F,G) Heatmap (F) and bar graph (G) of targeted metabolomics for glutamic acid and glutamine in individual CTRL and KD samples, illustrating a shift in glutamine–glutamate metabolism in KD. p-values were determined by one-way ANOVA: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Article Snippet: Primary antibodies α-SMA (Proteintech, 14395-1-AP) and GRIN2D (Proteintech, 27232-1-AP) were diluted in blocking solution as per the manufacturer’s instructions and incubated overnight at 4 °C or for 1–2 h at room temperature.
Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Immunofluorescence